1
Share electrons in bonds
Describe how atoms share electrons to complete their outer shells.
Chapter route
Carbon and its Compounds
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Ordered curriculum items
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2
Draw covalent structures
Represent molecules such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, water and carbon dioxide.
3
Properties of covalent compounds
Relate low melting points and poor conductivity to molecular structure.
4
Carbon has four bonds
Use valency to explain why carbon forms four covalent bonds.
5
Carbon chains and rings
Describe how carbon forms long chains, branches and rings.
6
Saturated or unsaturated?
Identify single, double and triple bonds in carbon compounds.
7
Classify hydrocarbons
Use bonding pattern and formulae to classify hydrocarbons.
8
Find a homologous series
Identify common functional group, general formula and gradual change in properties.
9
Name hydrocarbons
Use carbon chain length and bond type to name simple hydrocarbons.
10
Spot functional groups
Recognise halogen, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone and carboxylic acid groups.
11
Name functional compounds
Apply basic naming rules for simple functionalised carbon compounds.
12
Formula from name
Convert simple IUPAC-style names into structural or molecular formulae.
13
Combustion reactions
Describe complete combustion and products formed.
14
Oxidation of carbon compounds
Recognise conversion of alcohols to carboxylic acids in simple examples.
15
Addition to double bonds
Describe addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons.
16
Substitution reactions
Describe replacement of hydrogen by halogen in saturated hydrocarbons.
17
Test for unsaturation
Use reactions such as bromine water or alkaline potassium permanganate conceptually.
18
Ethanol properties and uses
Explain common physical and chemical properties and safe-use contexts.
19
Ethanoic acid properties and uses
Connect acidic properties to reactions and uses.
20
Esters and soap formation
Describe formation of esters and soap-making reactions qualitatively.
21
How soap cleans
Use hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts to explain removal of grease.
22
Soap or detergent?
Explain why detergents clean better than soaps in hard water.
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