1
Explain interconnected Earth spheres
Explain links among biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and atmosphere.
Chapter route
Earth as a System: Energy, Matter & Life
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2
Identify components interacting with solar energy
Identify Earth components that absorb, reflect or transmit solar radiation.
3
Explain nature of solar radiation
Describe solar radiation as electromagnetic radiation.
4
Relate electromagnetic waves to frequency
Connect solar radiation with frequencies and electromagnetic spectrum.
5
Explain speed of light idea
Recognise light as fast-moving electromagnetic radiation from the Sun.
6
Explain causes of differential heating
Explain the role of shape, latitude and tilt in uneven heating.
7
Compare absorption and reflection by surfaces
Explain how different surfaces warm differently.
8
Relate differential heating to winds
Connect uneven heating with air movement and wind formation.
9
Explain land and sea breezes
Explain daytime and nighttime breeze patterns using heating differences.
10
Explain mountain and valley breezes
Explain mountain and valley breeze formation using air movement.
11
Explain atmosphere role in weather and climate
Describe how atmosphere affects weather and climate patterns.
12
Explain water cycle
Describe movement of water through Earth systems.
13
Explain carbon cycle
Describe carbon movement between living and non-living systems.
14
Explain nitrogen cycle
Describe nitrogen movement and its importance for organisms.
15
Explain oxygen cycle
Describe oxygen circulation between organisms and the environment.
16
Analyse human impact on Earth systems
Explain how human activities affect interconnected Earth systems.
17
Draw cycle and energy flow maps
Create flow charts or concept maps for cycles and solar interactions.
18
Investigate differential heating
Form hypotheses and communicate findings on heating or cycle activities.
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